Study finds major vascular anomalies in the brains of people with Huntington’s disease
An international study led by researchers from Université Laval and CHU de Québec-Université Laval has identified significant vascular changes in the brains of people with Huntington’s disease. This breakthrough, the details of which are published in the most recent issue of Annals of Neurology, will have significant implications for our understanding of the disease and could open the door to new therapeutic targets for treating this fatal neurodegenerative condition.
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder that causes serious motor, cognitive, and psychiatric dysfunction and gradually leads to loss of autonomy and death. The disease develops in people age 40 to 50 on average. There is no cure and current treatments can only help control certain symptoms, but do not slow the neurodegenerative process. The disease affects roughly 1 in 10,000 people.
Although scientists have long known the cause of Huntington’s disease, little is known about the physiological processes associated with it. Certain neurological diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, are accompanied by changes in the vasculature of the brain and in the blood-brain-barrier, the interface that controls exchanges between the blood and the central nervous system. The team led by Francesca Cicchetti, professor at the Université Laval Faculty of Medicine and researcher at CHU de Québec-Université Laval, examined the brains of people affected by HD or who had died from it as well as a murine model of the disease to determine whether these changes are also present in Huntington’s disease.
The data collected shows the presence of mutant huntingtin, the protein responsible for the disease, in all major components of the brain’s blood vessels. Affected brains also show higher blood vessel density and reduced blood vessel diameter.
“The abnormalities observed within the cerebral blood vessels were accompanied by an increased permeability of the blood-brain-barrier, which could allow the pathological protein to propagate from the peripheral to the central nervous system,” Professor Cicchetti noted.
“At the moment, we are still uncertain as to how this contributes to the development or progression of the disease,” Professor Cicchetti added. “However, these results, along with our observations published in the same journal last year, strongly suggest that the disease is not solely the result of a phenomenon that is intrinsic to the cells - i.e., the product of a genetic mutation- but rather that healthy cells can also be infected by the mutant protein.”
Huntington’s Disease
Huntington’s disease is a progressive brain disorder caused by a single defective gene on chromosome 4 - one of the 23 human chromosomes that carry a person’s entire genetic code.
This defect is “dominant,” meaning that anyone who inherits it from a parent with Huntington’s will eventually develop the disease. The disorder is named for George Huntington, the physician who first described it in the late 1800s.
The defective gene codes the blueprint for a protein called huntingtin. This protein’s normal function isn’t yet known, but it’s called “huntingtin” because scientists identified its defective form as the cause of Huntington’s disease. Defective huntingtin protein leads to brain changes that cause abnormal involuntary movements, a severe decline in thinking and reasoning skills, and irritability, depression and other mood changes.
These findings open up new avenues for treating Huntington’s disease. “If indeed the transport of the mutant protein is facilitated by an increased permeability of the blood-brain-barrier, we could consider developing therapies aimed at reestablishing its integrity and preventing diseased peripheral cells from migrating to the brain,” the researcher concluded.
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What is Huntington’s Disease?
Huntington’s disease (HD) results from genetically programmed degeneration of brain cells, called neurons, in certain areas of the brain. This degeneration causes uncontrolled movements, loss of intellectual faculties, and emotional disturbance. HD is a familial disease, passed from parent to child through a mutation in the normal gene. Each child of an HD parent has a 50-50 chance of inheriting the HD gene. If a child does not inherit the HD gene, he or she will not develop the disease and cannot pass it to subsequent generations. A person who inherits the HD gene will sooner or later develop the disease. Whether one child inherits the gene has no bearing on whether others will or will not inherit the gene. Some early symptoms of HD are mood swings, depression, irritability or trouble driving, learning new things, remembering a fact, or making a decision. As the disease progresses, concentration on intellectual tasks becomes increasingly difficult and the patient may have difficulty feeding himself or herself and swallowing. The rate of disease progression and the age of onset vary from person to person. A genetic test, coupled with a complete medical history and neurological and laboratory tests, helps physicians diagnose HD. Presymptomic testing is available for individuals who are at risk for carrying the HD gene. In 1 to 3 percent of individuals with HD, no family history of HD can be found.
In addition to Francesca Cicchetti, the study’s co-authors are: Janelle Drouin-Ouellet, Giulia Cisbani, Marie Lagacé, Martine Saint-Pierre, Wael Alata, Isabelle St-Amour, Frédéric Calon, Steve Lacroix (Université Laval); Stephen J. Sawiak, Wei-Li Kuan, Sarah L. Mason, Roger A. Barker (University of Cambridge); Richard J. Dury, Penny A. Gowland, Susan T. Francis (University of Nottingham).
Information:
Francesca Cicchetti
Université Laval
CHU de Québec-Université Laval
418-525-4444 ext. 48853
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Jean-François Huppé
.(JavaScript must be enabled to view this email address)
418-656-7785
Université Laval
Journal
Annals of Neurology