Imaging of the coronary arteries with computed tomography (CT) angiography provides an accurate assessment of arterial plaque and could have a dramatic impact on the management of diabetic patients who face a high risk of heart attacks and other cardiovascular events, according to a new multicenter study published online in the journal Radiology.

Plaque that forms in the arterial walls can restrict blood flow and, in some cases, rupture, leading to potentially fatal heart attacks. There is considerable evidence that calcified, or stable, plaque, is less prone to rupture than non-calcified, or soft, plaque. Intravascular ultrasound can quantify non-calcified and calcified coronary artery plaque, but it is invasive and unsuitable for screening purposes, and coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring with CT, a common noninvasive option, has limitations.

“Calcium scoring measures how much calcified plaque a person has, but it doesn’t measure the component that’s not calcified, and that’s the component that tends to be dangerous,” said João A. C. Lima, M.D., from the cardiology division at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Md.

Quantitative plaque analysis with coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) has emerged as a viable screening option. CCTA can capture the full anatomic map of the coronary arteries in a single heartbeat with low radiation dose. CCTA can provide a picture of the total amount of plaque throughout the arteries of the heart.

Researchers from three centers - the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Md., Johns Hopkins, and the Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute in Salt Lake City - recently collaborated to evaluate CCTA in 224 asymptomatic diabetic patients. Obese people with diabetes have a propensity for extensive and premature development of coronary artery plaque, making them an ideal study group for plaque assessment.

The researchers used measurements of coronary artery wall volume and length to determine a coronary plaque volume index (PVI) for each patient. The technique provided information well beyond the presence or absence of coronary stenosis, or narrowing. PVI was related to age, male gender, body mass index (BMI) and duration of diabetes. Younger individuals with a shorter duration of diabetes had a greater percentage of soft plaque.

“Coronary plaque volume index by CCTA is not only clinically feasible and reproducible in patients with diabetes,” said David A. Bluemke, M.D., Ph.D., from the NIH Clinical Center. “It provides a more complete picture of the coronary arteries that could be routinely applied in at-risk patients.”

“These findings represent a very important step in the ability to quantify plaque, particularly non-calcified plaque,” added Dr. Lima.

BMI, a measure of body fat based on weight and height, was the primary modifiable risk factor associated with total and soft coronary plaque as assessed by CCTA.

“The results reinforce how important it is to evaluate BMI as a potential driver of overall diabetes,” Dr. Bluemke said. “As the only modifiable risk factor, obesity is an important target for managing diabetic patients.”

Only about one-third of the coronary plaque in patients showed calcification, underscoring the widespread presence of non-calcified plaque. The ability to distinguish between calcified and non-calcified plaque is important because treatment may vary based on plaque composition.

“People with soft plaque respond better to interventions, particularly medical therapy like statins,” Dr. Lima said.

The researchers will continue monitoring the patients from the study to better understand the value of coronary artery plaque assessment in predicting future cardiovascular events and to further define the role of plaque volume index versus CAC score. A clinical trial would be necessary to determine if risk factor reduction would result in reduced PVI.

“Now that we have baseline indices of plaque in the study patients, we can look for people who, despite optimal management, experience a cardiovascular disease event like a heart attack,” Dr. Bluemke noted.

CCTA is likely to be valuable for other groups of patients at high risk for cardiovascular events, the researchers said, and may one day enable physicians to predict plaque development and treat it aggressively before PVI increases significantly.

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“Coronary Artery Plaque Volume and Obesity in Patients with Diabetes: The Factor-64 Study.” Collaborating with Drs. Lima and Bluemke were Alan C. Kwan, B.A., Heidi T. May, Ph.D., George Cater, M.D., Christopher T. Sibley, M.D., Boaz D. Rosen, M.D., Karen Rodriguez, B.S., Donald L. Lappe, M.D., Joseph B. Muhlestein, M.D., and Jeffrey L. Anderson, M.D.

Radiology is edited by Herbert Y. Kressel, M.D., Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., and owned and published by the Radiological Society of North America, Inc.

RSNA is an association of more than 53,000 radiologists, radiation oncologists, medical physicists and related scientists promoting excellence in patient care and health care delivery through education, research and technologic innovation. The Society is based in Oak Brook, Ill.

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Linda Brooks
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Radiological Society of North America