International study finds new genetic links to juvenile arthritis
Researchers report in Nature Genetics they have increased the number of confirmed genes linked to juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) from three to 17 – a finding that will clarify how JIA fits into the spectrum of autoimmune disorders and help identify potential treatment targets.
Published April 21, the study involves an international research team that analyzed 2,816 JIA cases recruited from more than 40 pediatric rheumatology clinics. It was the largest collaborative patient population of JIA to date, including patient DNA samples from across the United States, Germany and United Kingdom, according to Susan Thompson, PhD, a researcher in the Division of Rheumatology at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center who was a leader for the study.
“These findings will help us understand how the long suspected genetic contributions to JIA are driving the disease process, with the ultimate goal being earlier and improved diagnosis and treatment,” Thompson said.
JIA is the most common rheumatic disease of childhood that involves several different but related forms. Affecting some 50,000 children in the US, the actual cause of the disease remains unknown. JIA is considered an autoimmune disorder, in which the body’s immune system mounts an attack against its own healthy tissues. JIA can be treated with medications and physical therapy, but the disease can persist for many patients into adulthood.
Prior to the current study only three genes were associated with known JIA risk, although scientists have suspected the likelihood that more genes are involved. The research team used what is known as the Immunochip array to measure variation in the genes (DNA) coding for components of the immune system for 2,816 JIA patients in the study. Those findings were compared to the DNA of 13,000 healthy controls to look for genetic differences.
The analyses re-confirmed JIA’s connection to the original three genes, identified a link to the 14 new genes and pointed to the possibility that another 11 genetic regions may be implicated. The scientists stressed that their work continues in order to identify additional genetic links and also begin conducting functional studies to pinpoint disease processes.
It may begin with a swollen knuckle, a spiking fever, or an unexplained rash. But no matter what symptoms appear, hearing the word “arthritis” in a diagnosis for your child can be unexpected and confusing.
Arthritis is an inflammation of the joints that is characterized by swelling, heat, and pain. Nearly 300,000 children in the United States have some sort of arthritis. Arthritis can be short-term - lasting for just a few weeks or months, then going away forever - or it can be chronic and last for months or years. In rare cases, it can last a lifetime.
The most prevalent form of juvenile arthritis is juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) (also known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, or JRA). It affects about 50,000 U.S. kids and is very different from adult rheumatoid arthritis.
What Causes JIA?
It’s not known exactly what causes JIA in kids. Research indicates that it is an autoimmune disease. In autoimmune diseases, white blood cells can’t tell the difference between the body’s own healthy cells and germs like bacteria and viruses. The immune system, which is supposed to protect the body from these harmful invaders, instead releases chemicals that can damage healthy tissues and cause inflammation and pain.
To effectively manage and minimize the effects of arthritis, an early and accurate diagnosis is essential. By understanding the symptoms and characteristics of each type of JIA, you can help your child maintain an active, productive lifestyle.
Although the current study substantially increases the number of confirmed susceptibility genes for JIA, the researchers said their data indicate that additional genetic risk factors still remain to be discovered.
###
Other researchers helping lead the study included Carl Langefeld, PhD, and Miranda Marion, MA, at the Wake Forest School of Medicine, Drs. Wendy Thomson, Anne Hinks and Joanna Cobb at the University of Manchester in the UK, and Sampath Prahalad, MD, at the Emory University School of Medicine.
Common Symptoms of Juvenile Arthritis
Pain, swelling, tenderness and stiffness of joints, causing limited range of motion
Joint contracture, which results from holding a painful joint in a flexed position for an extended period
Damage to joint cartilage and bone leading to joint deformity and impaired use of the joint
Altered growth of bone and joints leading to short stature
Funding support for the research came, in part, from the U.S. National Institutes of Health (RC1-AR-058587, U01-AI-067 150S1, N01-AR-42272, P01-AR-048929, P30-AR-473639, K23-AR-50177, R01-AR-060893, R01-AR-057106, N01-AR-62277, P30-GM-103510, U19-AI-082714, P30-AR-053483, RP-PG-0310-1002, RC2AR059092, DK062431, DK62422, DK062432, DK06423, DK062429) from the Arthritis Foundation, The Val A. Browning Charitable Trust and the Marcus Foundation.
About Cincinnati Children’s
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center ranks third in the nation among all Honor Roll hospitals in U.S. News and World Report’s 2012 Best Children’s Hospitals ranking. It is ranked #1 for neonatology and in the top 10 for all pediatric specialties. Cincinnati Children’s is one of the top two recipients of pediatric research grants from the National Institutes of Health and a research affiliate of the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. It is internationally recognized for improving child health and transforming delivery of care through fully integrated, globally recognized research, education and innovation.
###
Nick Miller
.(JavaScript must be enabled to view this email address)
513-803-6035
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center