Regularly feeling tired and worn out after a night’s sleep was the strongest predictor of also developing widespread pain in a new study of UK adults over the age of 50.

“In older adults widespread pain, that is pain that affects multiple sites in the body, is common and is associated with morbidity and disability including poor mental health and reduced physical functioning,” said Ross Wilkie, the study’s senior author.

Wilkie is a researcher with the Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Center of Keele University in Staffordshire.

“In this study, reporting musculoskeletal pain was common with just under half of participants reporting some pain and one quarter reporting widespread pain,” Wilkie told Reuters Health in an email.

“Non-restorative sleep was the strongest predictor of new onset widespread pain,” he said, and “sleep is a modifiable target,” so improving it might improve the outcomes of these people, he said.

“In addition to sleep, osteoarthritis, cognitive impairment, anxiety and physical health independently predicted the onset of widespread pain and are important treatment targets,” he added.

Widespread pain is the main feature of fibromyalgia, a condition affecting 15 percent of women and 10 percent of men over the age of 50, according to Wilkie and his colleagues, who published their report in the journal Arthritis and Rheumatology.

But the factors that influence who develops widespread pain with age are poorly understood, they write. To investigate, the researchers analyzed data on 4,326 adults from North Staffordshire, England.

All were over age 50 and free of widespread pain at the start of the study, although 2,764 had some localized pain.

Participants were surveyed about their pain, their physical and emotional health and lifestyle factors at the beginning of the study. Then they took the same survey again three years later.

At the follow-up, 19 percent reported new widespread pain, with women more likely to have experienced the onset of widespread pain than men.

When the researchers looked for factors linked to developing widespread pain during the time between surveys, they found that having reported some pain on the original survey, as well as having anxiety, physical health or cognitive problems and osteoarthritis were all predictors.

But regularly having poor, “non-restorative” sleep showed the strongest link, making a person almost twice as likely to experience the onset of widespread pain compared to people without sleep problems.

The study cannot prove that unrestful sleep is either a cause or effect of widespread pain, but more research is needed to understand the relationship, Wilkie and his colleagues write. That may also offer targets for reducing pain.

At present, current management and treatment of musculoskeletal pain in older adults is less than optimal, Wilkie said.

“Clinical approaches that target multiple sites of osteoarthritis may be useful,” he said. “However, the clinical approach to managing widespread pain in older adults may need to move beyond focusing on treatment of osteoarthritis and consider combined interventions.”

Treatment options to improve sleep are limited, Wilkie added, and existing pharmacological sleep aids can be problematic in older adults.

“Psychological and other non-pharmacological treatments may be beneficial,” Wilkie said, but there’s a need for both drug and non-drug treatments to be more thoroughly tested in clinical trials.

“It’s interesting because they looked at people who were pain-free and they followed them over time” to see who developed widespread pain, Dr. Babak Mokhlesi said, “I think that’s what gives (the study) so much strength.”

Mokhlesi is director of the Sleep Disorders Center as well as the Sleep Medicine Fellowship training program at the University of Chicago. He was not involved in the UK study.

“Typically what happens is that you don’t know what came first - does bad sleep cause pain or is the pain causing bad sleep - you don’t know what’s causing what,” Mokhlesi told Reuters Health.

Retired and elderly people frequently come to his office and ask why they can’t sleep more than eight hours, he said.

Among the things he tells them is to avoid “reducing time in bed” by going to sleep late or getting up early “so that you can get enough hours of sleep,” he said.

On the other hand, spending a lot of time in bed with lights, televisions and other electronic devices on is also not conducive to rest, he said.

“Engaging in behavior like that can actually promote insomnia, so I always tell people, ‘you don’t want to spend excessive amounts of time in bed or go to bed when you’re not sleepy because that creates a vicious cycle for insomnia’,” he said.

“The other thing that we always tell people is that as a society as we’ve been gaining weight and we’re an aging society, that also brings about increased risk for other sleep disorders like sleep breathing disorders like sleep apnea, restless legs, and insomnia,” Mokhlesi said.

He added that those are things that people typically don’t pay attention to and they don’t even discuss it with their physicians.

“There might be a lot of opportunity there for physicians to help their patients to improve their sleep,” he said.

The U.S. National Institutes of Health offers a guide to healthy sleep here: 1.usa.gov/1cnucMC.

SOURCE: Arthritis and Rheumatology, online February 13, 2014.

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Predictors of new onset widespread pain in older adults Results from the prospective population-based NorStOP study

In older adults widespread pain (WP) is common although its aetiology is unclear. This study sought to identify factors associated with an increased risk of developing WP in adults aged 50 years and over.

Methods

A population based prospective study was conducted. A baseline questionnaire collected data on pain, psychological status, lifestyle and health behaviours, socio-demographic and clinical factors. Participants free of WP (American College of Rheumatology Criteria) were followed up 3 years later and those with new WP identified. Logistic regression tested the relationship between baseline factors and new onset WP. Multiple imputation tested sensitivity of the results to missing data.

Results

4326 persons (1562 reporting no pain at baseline, 2764 reporting some pain) participated at follow up. Of those, 800 (18.5%) reported new WP (no pain at baseline n=121 (7.7%); some pain n=679 (24.6%)). The majority of the study factors were associated with new onset WP. However few of those persisted in multivariate analysis: age (OR=0.97 (95% CI (0.96-0.99)), baseline pain status (1.1 (1.08-1.2)), anxiety (1.5 (1.01-2.1)), physical health-related quality of life (1.3 (1.1-1.5)), cognitive complaint (1.3 (1.04-1.6)) and non-restorative sleep (1.9 (1.2-2.8)). These associations persisted after adjustment for osteoarthritis, which led to a modest increase in model fit (0.738 cf 0.731). The results were not sensitive to missing data.

Conclusions

Of the factors measured in this study, non-restorative sleep was the strongest independent predictor of new onset WP. © 2013 American College of Rheumatology.

  John McBeth PhD Reader in Epidemiology,
  Rosie J Lacey PhD Research Associate,
  Ross Wilkie PhD Research Fellow in Epidemiology