The death toll from the devastating earthquake and tsunamis that hit Asia and Africa soared to about 160,000 early today after Indonesia announced almost 20,000 new deaths.

Health officials have warned that the death toll could jump even higher without a continual supply of aid, and world leaders struggled on Thursday to figure out the best way to help victims - and to prevent such a catastrophe from happening again.

Donors concluded an emergency one-day summit as relief workers scrambled to move aid to areas of Sumatra, the Indonesian island hit hardest by the earthquake and giant waves that crashed ashore Dec. 26. Volunteers hurled sacks of rice and instant noodles into trucks as U.S. helicopters loaded with other supplies buzzed overhead en route to isolated communities.

A new potential danger emerged, this time to the American and Australian military teams assisting the tsunami survivors. A radical Islamic group once headed by an al-Qaida-linked terror chief set up a relief camp in Sumatra. The militants, known for attacking Christians on Indonesia’s far-flung islands, insisted they would not interfere with foreign troops - so long as they kept to humanitarian operations.

U.S., Australian and South Korean government officials said they were aware of security threats in the region and were taking precautions. One major aid agency said its staff had been ordered not to fly in U.S. helicopters.

Analysts said that Islamic terrorists known to operate in Indonesia would be foolish to try to attack anyone helping the hundreds of thousands of tsunami victims because it could result in aid groups pulling out and sour the militants’ chances of building popular support.

In the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, world leaders discussed how to transform one of the largest aid packages ever assembled - nearly $4 billion in pledges - into food for the hungry and shelter for the homeless. U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan urged nations to come forward immediately with the billions they’ve promised and to break with past practices of promising much and delivering little.

“The disaster was so brutal, so quick, and so far-reaching, that we are still struggling to comprehend it,” Annan said. “We will never know the exact magnitude of how many men, women and children perished on 26 December.”

Australia leads the world with a total aid pledge of $810 million, followed by Germany, Japan and the United States.

Secretary of State Colin Powell said America would take a wait-and-see attitude before pledging more cash. “These are not insignificant numbers,” Powell told reporters.

Japan hinted it might offer more help for those hit in the disaster that ravaged 11 countries - including Sri Lanka, India and Thailand. Foreign Minister Nobutaka Machimura said the $500 million Japan already pledged “was on the small side.”

The World Health Organization said that if basic needs - particularly access to safe drinking water - were not restored by week’s end. infectious diseases could kill tens of thousands. The confirmed death toll stands at 140,000, and senior U.N. officials have predicted it will reach 150,000.

Epidemics could claim many more lives.

“We now estimate that as many as 150,000 people are at extreme risk if a major disease outbreak in the affected areas occurs,” said WHO Director-General Dr. Lee Jong-wook.

For the moment, though, the threat of an outbreak of waterborne disease is being held in check by medical aid flooding into the region, U.N. officials said. While there are cases of diarrhea, respiratory and skin diseases and mental trauma, there have been no major outbreaks of disease in Sumatra’s devastated Aceh region, the U.N. health agency said.

But officials are concerned that unless this aid is sustained, the system could collapse. Getting water purification tablets to survivors and building rudimentary toilets remain the focus of efforts to fend off disease.

The U.N. health organization is warning that hygiene in many of the hundreds of refugee camps that have sprung up around the region is the biggest disease concern. An estimated 3 million to 5 million people are living in refugee camps across the tsunami-stricken area.

Leaders at the summit also discussed a tsunami warning system - like one in place in the Pacific. The closing declaration called for the warning system to be set up, but gave few details.

The summit gave the United Nations overall control of coordinating the relief effort, but the U.N. official in charge on Sumatra complained that the U.S. military was failing to work with relief organizations.

Michael Elmquist said that while U.S. military helicopters were speeding relief supplies to isolated villages, their crews were not spending enough time on the ground to assess survivors’ needs.

“They don’t stop their engines. They’re on the ground for five minutes,” Elmquist told reporters in the provincial capital of Banda Aceh, on the northern tip of Sumatra. The U.S. relief operation has won praise for reaching villages devastated by the earthquake and tsunami, which washed out roads and destroyed bridges. But Elmquist said he couldn’t be sure what supplies the helicopters were delivering.

There was no immediate comment from the military. The Americans have been greeted by thankful villagers wherever their helicopters have landed.

Around Banda Aceh, aid workers, their faces covered with masks to try to ward off the stench of rotting corpses, picked up bodies and dumped them in trucks bound for mass graves. Many bodies are being buried without being identified or counted.

On some houses, signs say, “There are bodies;” in other places, arrows point to where corpses were buried under rubble.

—

of The Associated Presss Emma Ross in Jakarta, Chris Brummitt and Denis Gray in Banda Aceh, Dilip Ganguly in Sri Lanka, and Leyla Linton at the United Nations contributed to this report.