What is aphasia?
In contrast to Broca’s aphasia, damage to the temporal lobe may result in a fluent aphasia that is called Wernicke’s aphasia. Individuals with Wernicke’s aphasia may speak in long sentences that have no meaning, add unnecessary words, and even create new “words.” For example, someone with Wernicke’s aphasia may say, “You know that smoodle pinkered and that I want to get him round and take care of him like you want before,” meaning “The dog needs to go out so I will take him for a walk.” Individuals with Wernicke’s aphasia usually have great difficulty understanding speech and are therefore often unaware of their mistakes. These individuals usually have no body weakness because their brain injury is not near the parts of the brain that control movement.
Which additional problems could occur?
It seldom happens that someone only suffers from aphasia. Often other areas of the brain are affected as well. Examples of additional problems are:
- hemiplegic condition (hemi=half, plegic=paralysis). For people suffering from aphasia this is often the right part of the body. The conduct of the muscles on one side of the body is affected, as a result of which the muscles don’t collaborate well anymore.
- loss of half of the eyesight (hemianopsia, hemi=half, opsia=to see). Mostly people do see everything that is located at the side of their healthy body half, but not the things that are located on their affected side.
- not knowing anymore how certain actions have to be performed (apraxia, a=not, praxia=perform). Simple actions such as getting dressed, eating, and drinking can suddenly not be carried out consciously anymore. Someone who suffers from apraxia does, for example, not know how to blow out a candle if he or she is asked to do so (conscious action), whereas he does automatically blow out the match he or she is holding if he or she is in danger of burning his or her fingers.
- problems with eating, drinking, and swallowing (dysphagia, dys=not well, phagia=swallowing). Because of the brain damage the digastric and swallow muscles can become paralysed, very sensitive, or even insensitive. This makes eating and drinking a difficult task. Because of the paralysis and loss of feeling in a part of the cheek, saliva can drip from the corner of the mouth unnoticed.
- memory problems. When remembering information language plays a large role. Because of the language problems the memory seems to function less well. Therefore always note down a couple of key words; this makes it easier for someone suffering from aphasia to remember things.
- react differently. Sometimes people react completely differently to
events after suffering a stroke than they did before. The control of expressing emotions has become more difficult. It is possible that someone laughs and cries more often. It is also possible that it costs him or her more effort to stop doing so.
- epilepsy. When the brains recover from an injury scar tissue is created in the brains. Sometimes this scar tissue causes a short circuit, so to speak, inside the brains. As a result of that the body convulses, someone often has problems breathing, and he or she can lose consciousness. Such an epileptic fit only lasts a few minutes, but often comes unexpectedly and the fright for the person who suffers from it as well as the family is therefore often huge.
The above list with additional problems is by no means complete. The aphasia symptoms and additional consequences are different for every human being. Each abovementioned problem can occur in combination with aphasia, but does not have to.
A third type of aphasia, global aphasia, results from damage to extensive portions of the language areas of the brain. Individuals with global aphasia have severe communication difficulties and may be extremely limited in their ability to speak or comprehend language.