Women report feeling pain more intensely than men, says Stanford study of electronic medical records
Women report more-intense pain than men in virtually every disease category, according to Stanford University School of Medicine investigators who mined a huge collection of electronic medical records to establish the broad gender difference to a high level of statistical significance.
Their study, to be published online Jan. 23 in the Journal of Pain, suggests that stronger efforts should be made to recruit women subjects in population and clinical studies in order to find out why this gender difference exists.
The study also shows the value of EMR data mining for research purposes. Using a novel database designed especially for research, the Stanford scientists examined more than 160,000 pain scores reported for more than 72,000 adult patients. From these, they extracted cases where disease-associated pain was first reported, and then stratified these findings by disease and gender.
“None of these data were initially collected for research, but this study shows that we can use it in that capacity,” said Atul Butte, MD, PhD, the study’s senior author.
The medical literature contains numerous reports indicating that women report more pain than men for one or another particular disease, noted Butte, a professor of systems medicine in pediatrics. “We’re certainly not the first to find differences in pain among men and women. But we focused on pain intensity, whereas most previous studies have looked at prevalence: the percentage of men vs. women with a particular clinical problem who are in pain. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first-ever systematic use of data from electronic medical records to examine pain on this large a scale, or across such a broad range of diseases.”
The study’s first authors were Butte’s graduate student Linda Liu and postdoctoral scholar David Ruau, PhD, who splits his time between Butte’s group and that of co-author Martin Angst, MD, professor of anesthesia. David Clark, MD, PhD, a professor of anesthesia, was another co-author.
Women Feel More Pain Than Men
Women feel more pain and have a harder time coping with pain than men do.
Pain management strategies of the future might be more individualized and gender-based.
“Globally, women have more chronic pain than men, more recurrent pain, they are more likely to have multiple sources of pain, and they are definitely neglected as it relates to treatment,” said Jennifer Kelly, an independent psychologist in Atlanta.
Kelly presented a review of research on gender and pain today at a meeting of the American Psychological Association.
Along with findings that a combination of genes, hormones, emotions and even social roles influence the experience of pain, accumulating evidence suggests that doctors might some day personalize the management of pain, based on the genders of their patients. For now, scientists are still struggling to understand the nuances of chronic pain, which is notoriously hard to treat.
“What I learned from all of my research is that you should treat women differently than men,” Kelly said. “We have to get women to see this as something they can manage instead of it having some kind of power over them.”
For years, studies have suggested that women and men differ in how they experience pain. As Kelly pulled together the literature, she found that those differences to be both real and dramatic.
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By Emily Sohn
Discovery Communications, LLC
Electronic medical records are deployed in about 1-2 percent of hospitals now, but that should approach 100 percent within the next few years as the United States continues to move toward EMRs, Butte said. Thus, large-scale research using clinically collected data will become increasingly feasible.
In this case, the scientists tapped an existing data archive that has been designed specifically for ease of research: the Stanford Translational Research Integrated Database Environment, or STRIDE. Pioneered by the medical school’s chief information officer, Henry Lowe, MD (who is also an associate professor of systems medicine in pediatrics and director of Stanford’s Center for Clinical Informatics), STRIDE aggregates clinical data on patients cared for at Stanford Hospital & Clinics and Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, making this data searchable for approved research projects.
Butte’s team selected only adult records and looked for gender-related differences in pain intensity as reported on 1-to-10 scales, in which a zero stands for “no pain” and 10 for “worst imaginable.” Their search algorithm combed through de-identified EMR data for more than 72,000 patients, and came up with more than 160,000 instances, ranging across some 250 different disease categories, in which a pain score had been reported.
Pain affects more than 116 million Americans annually and is a major cause of work disability and one of the most common reasons for taking medication, according to a 2011 Institute of Medicine report.
Of those Americans, about 50 million are women, according Campaign to End Chronic Pain in Women.
Today, a new study in the Journal of Pain reports that women seeking medical care for a wide range of medical problems in the hospital or clinics at Stanford University School of Medicine reported higher pain intensity, on average, compared with men with these same diagnoses.
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By SUSAN DONALDSON JAMES and DR. ELIZABETH CHUANG
“If someone’s reporting that they’re in pain, they’re probably going to be given medication, which might reduce any subsequently measured pain score,” said Butte. To get pain estimates that weren’t as confounded by subsequent pain-relief medications or procedures, his group analyzed only the first pain-intensity score reported by a patient per encounter with a hospital-associated health professional.
The search identified 47 separate diagnostic categories for which there were more than 40 pain reports for each gender. The sample included more than 11,000 individual adult patients, of which 56 percent were women and 51 percent of them white. The researchers were able to further analyze these 47 categories by condensing them into 16 disease clusters: “musculoskeletal and connective tissue” (in which the biggest gender differences in reported pain intensity were observed), “circulatory” and so forth.
“We saw higher pain scores for female patients practically across the board,” said Butte. Those reported differences were not only statistically significant, but also clinically significant. “In many cases, the reported difference approached a full point on the 1-to-10 scale. How big is that? A pain-score improvement of one point is what clinical researchers view as indicating that a pain medication is working.”
While the overall results tended to confirm previous clinical findings - for example, that female fibromyalgia or migraine patients report more pain than their male counterparts - the search also unearthed previously unreported gender differences in pain intensity for particular diseases, for example acute sinusitis and “cervical spine disorders,” more commonly known as neck pain.
The study’s results come with a few caveats. First, the investigators made the assumption that patients’ pain hadn’t already been treated—for example, that they hadn’t already self-medicated with over-the-counter painkillers — by the time they showed up in the emergency room, doctor’s office or neighborhood health clinic (or, equivalently, that the men and women were equally likely to have done so).
Other possible confounders include the setting in which pain was reported, Butte said. “Will an 18-year-old male report the same pain intensity with or without his mom present, or in the presence of a male vs. a female nurse? We can’t be sure.” But the sheer size of the study probably washes these concerns out at least to some extent, he said.
The third caveat is perhaps the most controversial. “It’s still not clear if women actually feel more pain than men do,” said Butte. “But they’re certainly reporting more pain than men do. We don’t know why. But it’s not just a few diseases here and there, it’s a bunch of them - in fact, it may well turn out to be all of them. No matter what the disease, women appear to report more-intense levels of pain than men do.”
To get to the bottom of this, Butte’s team plans to search EMRs to see if they can find some objective measurement - an already commonly measured blood-test variable, for instance - that correlates highly with reported pain. “We want to find a biomarker for pain,” he said.
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The work was funded by the Stanford Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection; the National Library of Medicine; the Hewlett-Packard Foundation; and the Lucile Packard Foundation for Children’s Health.
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Bruce Goldman
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650-725-2106
Stanford University Medical Center