A special press conference at the 6th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention (IAS 2011) will today feature a panel consisting of researchers from the CDC TDF2 study, the Partners PrEP Study and the HPTN 052 study. They will be joined by Anthony Fauci, Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Gottfried Hirnschall, Director of the HIV Department of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Elly Katabira, IAS 2011 International Chair and President of the International AIDS Society (IAS). The IAS 2011 conference opened yesterday, Sunday 17 July and runs until Wednesday 20 July and is being attended by over 5000 researchers, clinicians and community leaders.

In light of announcements this past week about new data on PrEP effectiveness, both the HPTN 052 abstract session (16.30, SR1) and press conference have been expanded to include presentations on the Partners PrEP Study and the CDC’s TDF2 study, both of which were released on 13 July in the US. The presentation on the CDC study was originally scheduled for a late breaker session at IAS 2011 on Wednesday 20 July. “Treatment is prevention and these three studies provide the proof,” said Katabira. “The XI International AIDS Conference in Vancouver in 1996 is remembered as the conference that heralded the arrival of combination antiretroviral treatment. The IAS 2011 Conference will be remembered as the beginning of the treatment as prevention revolution.”

“These studies mark a turning point in HIV science and in HIV prevention,” said Stefano Vella, IAS 2011 Local Co-Chair and Research Director at the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS). “The urgent challenge now is to implement treatment as prevention in the developing world.”

Press conference line up:

  * Chair: Stefano Vella: IAS 2011 Local Co-Chair and Research Director at the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS)

  * Myron Cohen: HPTN 052 Protocol Chair and Associate Vice Chancellor for Global Health and Director of the Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases at the University of North Carolina

About the HPTN 052 study:

The HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 052 study found that men and women, who were already infected with HIV, had a reduced risk of transmitting the virus to their uninfected sexual partners by 96% through early initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). HPTN 052 also found that early initiation of cART benefits the HIV-infected individual.

HPTN 052 was designed to evaluate whether early versus delayed use of cART by HIV-infected individuals would reduce transmission of HIV to their uninfected partners and benefit the HIV-infected individuals as well. During the course of the study, 39 participants who had been HIV-uninfected at the start of the study became infected with HIV. Of those, 29 were linked transmissions, where the virus from the originally-infected partner was confirmed by genetic analysis to be the source of infection in the newly infected sexual partner. Only one of the 29 infections occurred in the early cART arm. Based on the latest analyses, this one transmission most likely occurred close to the time the couple enrolled in the study and before HIV viral replication could have been suppressed by cART in the infected participant.

The new analyses also provide more insight as to how early initiation of cART benefits the HIV-infected person. Individuals who were put on early cART maintained higher absolute CD4 counts than those in the delayed arm, who received treatment when their CD4 counts fell below 250 cells/mm³ or an AIDS-related event occurred. Early cART was also associated with a 41% reduction in HIV-related illnesses or death, a direct benefit for the HIV-infected partner. The reliable suppression of HIV among HIV-infected people in the early treatment arm suggests potential impact on adherence when the infected individual is informed that their cART may also benefit their partner.

# Michael C.Thigpen: Principal study investigator and epidemiologist at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), USA

About the TDF2 study:

The CDC TDF2 study was a randomized, placebo-controlled trial examining the safety and efficacy of a once-daily tablet containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine (TDF/FTC, known by the brand name Truvada) for reducing the risk of HIV acquisition among heterosexual men and women at two sites in Botswana. In addition to study medication, all participants received a comprehensive package of HIV prevention services. The study provides strong evidence that a daily oral dose of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV infection can reduce HIV acquisition among uninfected individuals exposed to the virus through heterosexual sex. The study, conducted in partnership with the Botswana Ministry of Health, found TDF/FTC reduced the risk of acquiring HIV infection by roughly 63 percent overall in the study population (95% CI, 21.5 to 83.4; p= 0.0133) ,and by 78 percent among trial participants believed to be taking study medications (95% CI 41.2 to 93.6, p=0.0053). Adherence (as measured by pill count) was high, both among those receiving TDF/FTC and those receiving placebo (84.1 percent and 83.7 percent, respectively). Reported sexual risk behavior was similar between the two study arms. Consistent with other PrEP studies, preliminary analyses did not identify any significant safety concerns associated with daily use of TDF/FTC.

# Jared Baeten: Co-leader of the Partners PrEP Study and epidemiologist at the University of Washington, USA

About the Partners PrEP Study:

This is a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of daily oral tenofovir and emtricitabine/tenofovir for the prevention of HIV-1 acquisition among HIV-1 seronegative partners in heterosexual HIV-1 serodiscordant partnerships. The study is funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The University of Washington coordinated the trial, in collaboration with investigators at nine sites in Kenya and Uganda. The study enrolled 4758 HIV-1 serodiscordant couples; HIV-1 uninfected partners were randomly assigned in equal numbers to one of three study groups: one group received tenofovir, one emtricitabine/tenofovir, and one matching placebo. All study participants received a comprehensive package of HIV-1 prevention services. On 10 July 2011, the Partners PrEP Study independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) recommended, after review of the study data, that the study results be publically reported and the placebo arm be discontinued, because of definitive demonstration of HIV-1 protection from pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in the study population. Tenofovir reduced HIV-1 risk by 62% (95% CI 34 to 78, p=0.0003), emtricitabine/tenofovir by 73% (95% CI 49 to 85, p

< 0.0001). Efficacy for tenofovir and emtricitabine/tenofovir were not statistically different. 62% of HIV negative participants were male, 38% were female: both PrEP medications reduced HIV-1 risk in men and women. Adherence to the daily PrEP medication was very high – more than 97% of dispensed doses of the study medications were taken. More than 95% of participants were retained in study follow-up. Safety parameters were comparable across the three study groups.

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Anthony Fauci: Director, NIAID, USA

Fauci will remark on the implications for prevention research. He will talk about the collective importance of these studies in finding new HIV prevention methods and the optimism that these combinations when viewed in total will help to end the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

# Gottfried Hirnschall: Head of the HIV Department at the WHO, Switzerland

Over the past year, WHO has been developing recommendations for couples HIV testing and counseling. More than half of all people living with HIV do not know their infection status, and therefore, may transmit HIV unknowingly. By partners testing together and mutually disclosing their test results, couples can learn about their options for HIV prevention and treatment.

The findings of the three cited studies above will be reflected in WHO guidelines for couples HIV testing and counseling and also to develop broader guidance on the strategic use of antiretrovirals for treatment and prevention of HIV.

# Elly Katabira: International Chair IAS 2011 and IAS President

Katabira will talk about the implications of the three cited studies for HIV professionals

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Online Coverage of IAS 2011 at http://www.ias2011.org

The online Programme-at-a-Glance, available through the website, includes links to abstracts, as well as session slides with audio and speeches (all abstract findings are embargoed until date and time of delivery at the conference). Additional online programming is provided by IAS 2011’s two official online partners: Clinical Care Options and NAM.

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Contact: Lindsey Rodger
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International AIDS Society