Chest Pain

• Angina
• Myocardial infarction
• Aortic dissection
• Pericarditis
• Pulmonary embolism
• Pneumonia
• Pleurisy
• Pneumothorax
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease
• Esophageal spasm
• Costochondritis
• Rib fracture
• Anxiety

Dyspnea

• Congestive heart failure
• Myocardial ischemia
• Myocardial infarction
• Restrictive heart disease
• Pericardial tamponade
• Pulmonary embolism
• Pneumonia
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Asthma
• Bronchitis
• Pleural effusion
• Pneumothorax
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Interstitial lung disease
• Upper airway obstruction
• Anemia
• Obesity

Syncope

• Tachyarrhythmias
• Bradyarrhythmias
• Aortic stenosis
• Mitral stenosis
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Vasovagal syncope
• Carotid sinus sensitivity
• Orthostasis
• Atrial myxoma
• Pulmonary embolism
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Cerebrovascular accident
• Seizure
• Hypoglycemia
• Anxiety

Palpitations

• Atrial premature beats
• Ventricular premature beats
• Tachyarrhythmias
• Bradyarrhythmias
• Hyperthyroidism
• Anxiety
• Anemia

Edema

• Heart failure
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Cirrhosis
• Venous insufficiency
• Deep venous thrombosis
• Hypothyroidism
• Lymphedema

Left-Sided Heart Failure

• Myocardial ischemia
• Myocardial infarction
• Ischemic cardiomyopathy
• Dilated cardiomyopathy
• Valvular heart disease (MS, MR, AS, AI)
• Myocarditis
• Infiltrative heart disease
• Hypertension
• Restrictive cardiomyopathy
• Tachyarrhythmias
• Thyrotoxicosis
• Arteriovenous fistula
• Anemia

Right-Sided Heart Failure

• Left-sided heart failure
• Right ventricular infarction
• Pulmonary embolism
• Primary pulmonary hypertension
• Secondary pulmonary hypertension (e.g., COPD, chronic embolic disease)
• Constrictive pericarditis
• Pericardial tamponade
• Tricuspid regurgitation