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Scientists are developing a test that dentists could use to screen patients for breast cancer. The test checks saliva for marker proteins that give an early warning of the disease.…

Obesity is one of the few risk factors for breast cancer   that   can   be   modified   throughout life.  Positive   lifestyle   choices   that   control…

Surgery
Obesity is associated with the need for more extensive axillary surgery in women with breast   cancer,  as   the   success   of   sentinel lymph node biopsy is inversely related to…

Size
Obesity is associated with a larger tumor size at the time of breast cancer diagnosis compared   with   women   of   normal   weight ^[34]. The poor prognosis of breast cancer…

In   this   review,  several   mechanisms   by which obesity affects the development and prognosis of breast cancer will be described.

Host factors such as estrogenic activity…

Obesity   has   a   causal   relationship   with various forms of cancer,  as concluded by the International Agency for Research on Cancer following a comprehensive review of epidemiological studies spanning…

What is the problem and what is known about it so far?
Women who have breasts that appear dense on a mammogram are at increased risk for breast…

Location/Anatomic Boundaries
The axilla is a pyramidal space between the arm and the thoracic wall. It contains the axillary vessels and their branches, the brachial plexus and its…

The thoracic wall is composed of the 12 thoracic vertebra, 12 ribs and costal cartilages, sternum and associated muscles. The external, internal, innermost intercostal muscles, intercostal vessels and nerves lie in…

Embryology/Development
The mammary glands develop from ectodermal ridges that form on the ventral surface of the embryo. They extend laterally from forelimb to hindlimb and constitute the milk line. These…

Congenital absence of the sternocostal head of the pectoralis major muscle and its associated abnormalities has been described earlier in this chapter. In 5% of cadavers, a sternalis muscle can be found lying longitudinally between…

The important muscles in the region of the breast are the pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior, and latissimus dorsi muscles, as well as the aponeurosis of the external oblique and rectus abdominis…

Puberty in girls begins at the age of 10 to 12 years as a result of the influence of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormones secreted into the hypothalamic–pituitary portal venous system. The basophilic cells…

New research suggests that the form of tomato product one eats could be the key to unlocking its prostate cancer-fighting potential, according to a report in the June 1…

Higher amounts of boron in the diet are associated with lower risk of lung cancer in women, researchers at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in…

The interaction of sex, age and ethnicity has a significant impact on overall survival in metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC) patients, a study led by researchers at the University…

The molecular profile of cancer stem cells that initiate metastatic colon tumors is significantly different from those responsible for primary tumors, according to new research from a team…

“Are you taking or did you take hormones? If yes, which hormone medication and for how long? When did you stop taking hormone replacement medication?” 3,464 breast cancer patients…

A gene therapy invented at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center is the first to succeed in a U.S. phase III clinical trial for…

Two types of cancer-causing agents in cigarettes—a nicotine-derived chemical and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the main culprits in lung cancer. Exposure to tobacco smoke –…