An enormous amount of research has been dedicated to unraveling the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus over the last 30 years. While a large number of reviews have been devoted to its description,…

A large number of genome-wide scans has been performed. Since initial positive findings have been replicated for over 20 genomic regions, the search for the genes responsible for the association with diabetes has proven to…

The fact that more than half of obese insulin-resistant subjects will never develop diabetes points to susceptibility for the disease in some humans, while protective factors against the disease are present…

Although abnormalities of insulin secretion in the pathophysiology of diabetes have often been neglected, they occur already early during the disease and can often already be demonstrated in subjects with normal glucose tolerance (first-degree relatives…

Insulin receptors are also expressed throughout the brain with particularly high concentrations in the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, and the cortex.

In humans, however, positron emission tomography (PET) studies repeatedly…

Insulin resistance is present when the biological effects of insulin are subnormal for both glucose disposal in skeletal muscle and suppression of endogenous glucose production primarily in liver.

In the fasting state, however, muscle…