Alternative names
Jaundice - yellow skin; Skin - yellow; Icterus; Eyes - yellow; Jaundice

Definition

Jaundice is a yellow color in the skin, the mucous membranes, or the eyes. The yellow pigment is from bilirubin, a byproduct of old red blood cells.

Considerations

If you’ve ever had a bruise, you may have noticed that the skin went through a series of color changes as it healed. When you saw yellow in the bruise, you were seeing bilirubin.

Normally, about 1% of our red blood cells retire every day, to be replaced by fresh red blood cells. The old ones are processed in the liver and disposed of. Much of the resulting bilirubin leaves the body in the stool.

If there are too many red blood cells retiring for the liver to handle, yellow pigment builds up in the body. When there is enough to be visible, jaundice results.

Jaundice can be caused by too many red blood cells retiring, by the liver being overloaded or damaged, or by the inability to move processed bilirubin from the liver through the biliary tract to the gut.

Most babies have some jaundice during the first week of life. The ordeal of birth can send many red blood cells to an early retirement (especially if a vacuum is used!), and babies’ livers are often unprepared for the load. Before Mom’s milk comes in and stooling begins in earnest, bilirubin accumulates more easily. Jaundice is even more common in premature babies.

Physiologic jaundice is the name for normal jaundice commonly seen in healthy babies.

Pathologic jaundice is the name given when jaundice presents a health risk, either because of its degree or its cause. Pathologic jaundice can occur in children or adults. It arises for many reasons, including blood incompatibilities, blood diseases, genetic syndromes, hepatitis, cirrhosis, bile duct blockage, other liver diseases, infections, or medications. The term also applies to physiologic jaundice exaggerated by dehydration, prematurity, difficult delivery, or other reason.

Another condition called Gilbert’s syndrome is a benign, hereditary condition in which mild jaundice develops. It is caused by low levels of some bilirubin-processing enzymes in the liver. This condition, once recognized, requires no further treatment or evaluation. There are other more rare hereditary causes of elevated bilirubin levels.

A yellow-to-orange color may be imparted to the skin by consuming too much beta carotene, the orange pigment seen in carrots. In this condition, the whites of the eyes remain white, while people with true jaundice often have a yellowish tinge to the eyes.
This condition is called hypercarotenemia or just carotenemia.

Common Causes

Causes in children include:

 
• newborn jaundice (physiologic jaundice)  
• breastfeeding jaundice  
• breast milk jaundice  
• viral hepatitis (hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, and hepatitis E)  
• hemolytic anemia  
• disorders present since birth that cause problems processing bilirubin (Gilbert’s syndrome, Dubin-Johnson syndrome, Rotor’s syndrome, or Crigler-Najjar syndromes)  
• Biliary atresia  
• autoimmune hepatitis  
• malaria

Breastfeeding jaundice may occur in the first week of life in more than 1 in 10 breastfed infants. The cause is thought to be inadequate milk intake, leading to dehydration or low caloric intake. It is a type of physiologic or exaggerated physiologic jaundice.

Breast milk jaundice is far less common and occurs in about 1 in 200 babies. Here the jaundice isn’t usually visible until the baby is a week old. It often reaches its peak during the second or third week. Breast milk jaundice can be caused by substances in mom’s milk that decrease the infant’s liver’s ability to deal with bilirubin. Breast milk jaundice rarely causes any problems, whether it is treated or not. It is usually not a reason to stop nursing.

Causes in adults include:

 
• blocked bile ducts (by infection, tumor or gallstones)  
• viral hepatitis (hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, and hepatitis E)  
• drug-induced cholestasis (bile pools in the gallbladder because of the effects of drugs)  
• drug-induced hepatitis (hepatitis triggered by erythromycin sulfa drugs, antidepressants, anti-cancer drugs, Aldomet, rifampin, steroids, chlorpropamide, tolbutamide, oral contraceptives, testosterone, propylthiouracil)  
• biliary stricture  
• alcoholic liver disease (alcoholic cirrhosis)  
• cancer of the pancreas  
• primary biliary cirrhosis  
• ischemic hepatocellular jaundice (jaundice caused by inadequate oxygen or inadequate blood flow to the liver)  
• intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (bile pools in the gallbladder because of the pressure in the abdomen with pregnancy)  
• hemolytic anemia  
• disorders present since birth that cause problems processing bilirubin (Gilbert’s syndrome, Dubin-Johnson syndrome, Rotor’s syndrome, or Crigler-Najjar syndromes)  
• chronic active hepatitis  
• autoimmune hepatitis  
• malaria

Home Care
The cause of jaundice must be determined before treatment can be given. Follow prescribed therapy to treat the underlying cause.

Call your health care provider if
ALL jaundice in an infant, child, or adult should be medically evaluated. ALWAYS call your doctor if jaundice is present.

What to expect at your health care provider’s office
The health care provider will perform a physical examination. To help diagnose the cause of yellow skin, your health care provider will ask medical history questions, such as:

 
• Is the inside of the mouth (mucous membranes) yellow?  
• Are the eyes yellow?  
• When did the jaundice start?  
• Has the jaundice occurred repeatedly?  
• What other symptoms are present?

The following diagnostic tests may be performed:

 
• blood serum bilirubin  
• liver function tests and cholesterol  
• prothrombin time  
• complete blood count  
• ultrasound of the abdomen  
• liver biopsy  
• urine and fecal urobilinogen

Prevention

Feed babies frequently and don’t let them become dehydrated.

With jaundice, the important thing to prevent is kernicterus - toxic levels of bilirubin accumulating in the brain. Early identification and treatment of jaundice will usually prevent kernicterus, whatever the cause.

Beyond this, jaundice is a symptom of other problems that have their own prevention strategies.

Medical Encyclopedia

All ArmMed Media material is provided for information only and is neither advice nor a substitute for proper medical care. Consult a qualified healthcare professional who understands your particular history for individual concerns.