Between 1947 and 1971, diethylstilbestrol (DES) was widely used in the United States for diabetic women during pregnancy and to treat threatened abortion. It is estimated that 2-3 million fetuses…

Introduction
Cervical polyps commonly occur after menarche and are occasionally noted in postmenopausal women. The cause is not known, but inflammation may play an etiologic role. The principal symptoms are discharge and abnormal…

Infection of the cervix must be distinguished from physiologic ectopy of columnar epithelium, which is common in young women. Mucopurulent cervicitis is characterized by a red edematous cervix with a purulent yellow discharge. The infection may…

The premenstrual syndrome is a recurrent, variable cluster of troublesome physical and emotional symptoms that develop during the 7-14 days before the onset of menses and subside when menstruation occurs. The syndrome intermittently…

Introduction

Essentials of Diagnosis

 
• Vaginal bleeding that occurs 6 months or more following cessation of menstrual function.  
• Bleeding is usually painless.  
• Bleeding may be a single episode of spotting or…

Introduction

Essentials of Diagnosis

 
• Blood loss of over 80 mL per cycle.  
• Excessive bleeding, often with the passage of clots, may occur at regular menstrual intervals (menorrhagia) or irregular…