In some studies HCs have been associated with an increased risk of cervical abnormalities and cervical cancer, but there might be alternative explanations for these epidemiological associations: HC users can start…

Combination oral contraceptive use was associated with a decreased risk in endometrial carcinoma, which decrease with duration of use (RR=0.28 at 5 years of use); however,  the estimated protective effect was…

The incidence of ovarian cancer is reduced by pregnancy,  lactation,  tubal ligation and oral contraceptives ⁽²⁴⁾. The role of sex hormones seems important for ovarian carcinogenesis. 

Epidemiological observations and experimental…

Neoplastic Risk of Hormonal Contraception
For   several   years   the   role   of   hormonal   contraceptives (HCs)  in   the development of cancer has been explored,…

Some studies affirmed that hormonal contraceptves, sometimes may provoke vasculitis.  Since Kussmaul and Maier described the index case of vasculitis in 1866, the field has seen many changes but many mysteries remain ⁽¹⁾.

Vasculitis represent…

The incidence of ocular complications from hormonal contraceptives was estimated to be 1 in 230,000 users ⁽¹⁾. 

Therefore,  severe adverse vascular accidents of the eye are exceptional in women under 40 years…

The peliosis hepatis, firstly described in 1950 by Zak F.G.,  is a rare condition,sometimes fatal,  characterized by areas of hepatocellular necrosis secondarily   cystic,blood   filled   cavities   of   1-3   mm  …

Angioedema is a potentially life threatening condition and may be inherited or acquired.According to sporadic reports, hormonal contraceptives can induce or exacerbate symptoms of hereditary angioedema type I or type III or idiopathic angioedema. 

However, …

Short-term   studies   have   been   suggested   that   combined   hormonal contraceptives may induce a mild rise in blood pressure ^(95,96,97).  In fact,  it seems that HCs induce hypertension in approximately…

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common disorder, and oral contraceptives (OC)  are   well-known   risk   factors   associated   with   venous thromboembolism(VTE)^(2,15,44,49).

The individual risk of VTE varies as a result of…

Among women taking combined hormonal contraceptives (COCs),  arterial accidents rarely occur, and isolated cases are reported also, in women taking only-progestin   preparations   (POP). 

In   the   meantime,  the   lowering  …

Most users of hormonal contraceptives (HCs)  have a low background incidence of major cardiovascular diseases.

In fact,current users of low estrogen dose – HC s have a small increased risk of ischaemic stroke, although most…

Cardiovascular Effects
The first report about a case of pulmonary embolism as adverse effect of contraception occurred in 1961 ⁽¹⁾.

Myocardial Infarction

In the last years, the incidence of myocardial infarction(MI) was estimated…

Hormonal contraception has been an available method of birth control for over four decades Despite this, women’s knowledge often moves between myth and   reality,  and   never   has   another…