Short-term   studies   have   been   suggested   that   combined   hormonal contraceptives may induce a mild rise in blood pressure ^(95,96,97).  In fact,  it seems that HCs induce hypertension in approximately…

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common disorder, and oral contraceptives (OC)  are   well-known   risk   factors   associated   with   venous thromboembolism(VTE)^(2,15,44,49).

The individual risk of VTE varies as a result of…

Among women taking combined hormonal contraceptives (COCs),  arterial accidents rarely occur, and isolated cases are reported also, in women taking only-progestin   preparations   (POP). 

In   the   meantime,  the   lowering  …

Most users of hormonal contraceptives (HCs)  have a low background incidence of major cardiovascular diseases.

In fact,current users of low estrogen dose – HC s have a small increased risk of ischaemic stroke, although most…

Cardiovascular Effects
The first report about a case of pulmonary embolism as adverse effect of contraception occurred in 1961 ⁽¹⁾.

Myocardial Infarction

In the last years, the incidence of myocardial infarction(MI) was estimated…