In the last years, the surgical progress led to progressive increase of number and survival time of heart transplant female recipients. While, the quality of their reproductive life,  assumed important…

HIV-positive women have reproductive patterns similar to those of HIV-negative women and would benefit from counselling about reversible methods of contraception.  AIDS/WHO estimates that 42 million people are living with HIV/AIDS  …

In the last years, the surgical progress led to progressive increase of number and survival time of heart transplant female recipients. While, the quality of their reproductive life,  assumed important…

In the last years, the surgical progress led to progressive increase of number and survival time of transplant female recipients. 

Oral and intrauterine device contraceptives are generally,considered contraindicated,  but if…

Toxic effects of the hormonal contraceptives (HCs)  are rare but potentially serious and require permanent termination of their use. HCs are contraindicated if there is a personal or family history of Porphyries, systemic lupus erythematosus,…

Literature data no reported significant association of age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, and exogenous hormone use with bladder cancer risk. Findings suggest that menopausal status and age…

Neurofibromas are benign tumors of the peripheral nerve sheath, which may occur sporadically and, in association with the common familial cancer syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). NF1 is a hereditary disease caused by mutations of…

Incidence rates for pancreatic cancer are consistently lower in women than in men. Previous studies suggested that reproductive factors, particularly parity, may reduce   pancreatic   cancer   risk   in…

Liver cell adenomas are rare benign tumors whose incidence has been increasing since 1970 ⁽⁹¹⁾.

They generally occur in otherwise healthy women over age 30, who have used hormonal contraceptives…

Skin expresses estrogen,  progesterone,  and androgen receptors.  Steroid hormones,  such as those contained in oral contraceptives,affect skin cell cycle control.

Consequently,  they can induce increase of epidermal growth factor signaling,  expression…

The association between oral contraceptive use and colorectal cancer have yielded conflicting results. The analysis from a multicenter case-control study, conducted in 6 Italian regions in 1992-96 with data from a…

In some studies HCs have been associated with an increased risk of cervical abnormalities and cervical cancer, but there might be alternative explanations for these epidemiological associations: HC users can start…

Combination oral contraceptive use was associated with a decreased risk in endometrial carcinoma, which decrease with duration of use (RR=0.28 at 5 years of use); however,  the estimated protective effect was…

The incidence of ovarian cancer is reduced by pregnancy,  lactation,  tubal ligation and oral contraceptives ⁽²⁴⁾. The role of sex hormones seems important for ovarian carcinogenesis. 

Epidemiological observations and experimental…

Neoplastic Risk of Hormonal Contraception
For   several   years   the   role   of   hormonal   contraceptives (HCs)  in   the development of cancer has been explored,…