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Two decades ago, the diagnosis of premature…

Rashes in the diaper area are common in babies between the ages of 7 and 12 months. Most cases will clear with frequent diaper changes and the use of superabsorbent disposable diapers. The…

Before the increasingly common use of ultrasound evaluation of the ovaries, anatomical and histological descriptions gave us a dynamic image of the developing ovary documenting that during childhood the ovary is…

Isolated Menarche
This is a condition where young girls have cyclical uterine bleeding without any other signs of sexual maturation, and they have normal growth. The natural history during childhood has been described and…

Thelarche Variant
This encompasses a spectrum of conditions, which lie between premature thelarche and central precocious puberty. It may be difficult to distinguish from central precocious puberty. Indeed, there is a complete spectrum of…

Isolated Premature Thelarche
Premature thelarche is a benign, self-limiting condition which is characterised by breast development with no other signs of sexual maturation. There is no pubic or axillary hair development, behaviour is…

Central Precocious Puberty
This is known as central, idiopathic or gonadotrophin-dependent precocious puberty. The pattern of sexual development is indistinguishable from normal puberty and investigations reveal LH predominance to a GnRH stimulation test…

Various adrenal disorders may cause premature sexual maturation.
However, this does not involve ‘gonadarche’ and so there is no breast development.

There is usually pubic and axillary hair development with associated cutaneous manifestations of…

Precocious Puberty
There are many causes of precocious sexual development and these are probably best categorised into those that are gonadotrophin dependent and independent (table 1). Such a classification helps both in understanding the…

Vulvo-Perineal Localization of Dermatologic Disorders
Systemic disorders may be localized in the vulvo-perineal region. Here, we will only emphasize those in which this localization suggests the diagnosis or is of…

Lichen Sclerosus
The true frequency of pediatric lichen sclerosus (LSV) is difficult to assess. The average age of onset is about 6 years and the age at diagnosis is around 10 years. The…

Vulvo-vaginal malignant tumors are uncommon in children but early diagnosis and prompt, effective treatment improves prognosis. Here, we will cover malignant tumors of the vagina.

Labial Adhesions
Adherent or fused labia minora are a common problem in the pediatric population (rate: 1–38%).They occur most often in children from 13 months to 6 years of age, and may be fused…

When a child is born with ambiguous genitalia, the medical team must mobilize for a neonatal emergency: in addition to the urgent need to rule out such life-threatening conditions…

Etiology of Ambiguous Genitalia in the Newborn
Generally, the medical team has a final diagnosis and has determined the etiology of the intersex state by the end of 3…

Diagnosis of Ambiguous Genitalia in the Newborn
When a genital defect is discovered in the neonatal period, complementary clinical, hormonal, genetic, molecular and radiographic investigations are needed to first…

The observation of ambiguous genitalia signals a medical, surgical and psychological…

The Infant and Adolescent Uterus
The uterus grows progressively during fetal life. After birth, uterine volume is relatively higher, longer and thicker than the prepubertal uterus and shows endometrial and myometrial…

Sonography is a versatile diagnostic imaging modality which uses acoustical energy. In the pediatric…

A thorough review of vulvo-vaginal disorders in pediatric and adolescent patients would be quite lengthy. This review will address the most common…

Gynecological Clinical Examination of the Adolescent
The gynecological examination of an adolescent has a triple objective: (a) clinical assessment; (b) diagnosis and therapy, and (c) establishment of an interpersonal…

Gynecological Examination of a Newborn
The examination is conducted as described above. The genitalia are submitted to maternal estrogen effects. Estrogenization signs decrease as of the second week of life and…

Clinical examination is always necessary and most of the time is…