health.am

Introduction

Uterine prolapse most commonly occurs as a delayed result of childbirth injury to the pelvic floor (particularly the transverse cervical and uterosacral ligaments). Unrepaired obstetric lacerations of the levator musculature and perineal body augment…

Cystocele, rectocele, and enterocele are vaginal hernias commonly seen in multiparous women. Cystocele is a hernia of the bladder wall into the vagina, causing a soft anterior fullness. Cystocele may be accompanied…

Introduction

Essentials of Diagnosis

 
• Pelvic pain related to menstrual cycle.  
• Dysmenorrhea.  
• Dyspareunia.  
• Increased frequency among infertile women.

Introduction

Essentials of Diagnosis

 
• History of genital warts.  
• History of prolonged vulvar irritation, with pruritus, local discomfort, or slight bloody discharge.  
• Early lesions may suggest or include nonneoplastic epithelial…

Introduction

Essentials of Diagnosis

 
• Abnormal bleeding is the presenting sign in 80% of cases.  
• Pap smear frequently negative.  
• After a negative pregnancy test, endometrial tissue is required to…

Introduction

Essentials of Diagnosis

 
• Irregular enlargement of the uterus (may be asymptomatic).  
• Heavy or irregular vaginal bleeding, dysmenorrhea.  
• Acute and recurrent pelvic pain if the tumor…

Introduction

Essentials of Diagnosis

 
• Abnormal uterine bleeding and vaginal discharge.  
• Cervical lesion may be visible on inspection as a tumor or ulceration.  
• Vaginal cytology usually positive; must be confirmed…

Introduction

Essentials of Diagnosis

 
• The presumptive diagnosis is made by an abnormal Pap smear of an asymptomatic woman with no grossly visible cervical changes.  
• Diagnose by…

Trauma or infection may involve Bartholin’s duct, causing obstruction of the gland. Drainage of secretions is prevented, leading to pain, swelling, and abscess formation. The infection usually resolves and pain disappears,…

Between 1947 and 1971, diethylstilbestrol (DES) was widely used in the United States for diabetic women during pregnancy and to treat threatened abortion. It is estimated that 2-3 million fetuses…

Introduction
Cervical polyps commonly occur after menarche and are occasionally noted in postmenopausal women. The cause is not known, but inflammation may play an etiologic role. The principal symptoms are discharge and abnormal…

Infection of the cervix must be distinguished from physiologic ectopy of columnar epithelium, which is common in young women. Mucopurulent cervicitis is characterized by a red edematous cervix with a purulent yellow discharge. The infection may…

The premenstrual syndrome is a recurrent, variable cluster of troublesome physical and emotional symptoms that develop during the 7-14 days before the onset of menses and subside when menstruation occurs. The syndrome intermittently…

Introduction

Essentials of Diagnosis

 
• Vaginal bleeding that occurs 6 months or more following cessation of menstrual function.  
• Bleeding is usually painless.  
• Bleeding may be a single episode of spotting or…

Introduction

Essentials of Diagnosis

 
• Blood loss of over 80 mL per cycle.  
• Excessive bleeding, often with the passage of clots, may occur at regular menstrual intervals (menorrhagia) or irregular…