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STDs, including HIV infections, implicates contraceptive behavior of adolescents in several issues. This is the main reason that the condoms have become a popular contraceptive method. The double Dutch method…

Unfortunately, even today the programs offering consultation and information to adolescents do not suffice to enrich the basic knowledge on protection from STDs and other serious complications of premature sexual life.…

The most common ovarian mass in adolescents is the functional ovarian cyst that will spontaneously regress over 6 - 8 weeks and that typically does not cause…

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a spectrum of inflammatory disorders involving the upper genital tract of the female reproductive system and may include any combination of…

Endometriosis is the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside of the endometrial cavity. The presence of endometriosis in adolescents is well documented, however the exact prevalence in…

Müllerian abnormalities may present with a wide range of symptoms including cyclic pelvic pain, dyspareunia, amenorrhea, pelvic mass, infertility, and recurrent pregnancy loss. Obstructive abnormalities are more…

Adolescents with CPP may have a gynecologic etiology of their pain.

Inquiries about the patient’s gynecologic health should be part of the initial interview. Items should include…

Management of patients with CPP/RAP begins with the initial evaluation.
The approach of the clinician is key in setting the tone for the future relationship with the…

There is no question that chronic abdominal/pelvic pain can be caused by gastrointestinal disorders that have clear organic origins. These include inflammatory bowel disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and…

There are many etiologies of CPP and of RAP. There are clear organic causes for CPP/RAP and causes that seem to mix organic processes with psychosocial phenomena. Even with…

A new drug that acts on the receptor for the hormone progesterone appears to be at least as effective as levonorgestrel (sold as “Plan B”) in preventing pregnancies after unprotected sexual…

Oral contraceptive (OC) use is a risk factor for premenopausal breast cancer, according to pooled data published in the journal Mayo Clinic Proceedings.

However, even for women most at…

Finnish postmenopausal hormone therapy trial indicates

A postmenopausal hormone therapy trial conducted in Estonia indicates that hormone therapy does not improve women’s quality of life. The group…

There is a linear association between pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and the risk of cesarean section in women who have full-term deliveries, French researchers report in the current issue…

Enlarged ovaries are common in healthy regularly menstruating adolescent girls and it appears to reflect a typically normal variation, clinicians from Illinois report in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and…

The results in 2002 of a large U.S. study on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in many respects left women confused and alarmed about the treatment for the menopause.

At…

Overweight and obese Spanish women appear five times as likely as lean women to have polycystic ovary syndrome, a condition that decreases fertility and contributes to other illnesses, according…

Gynecologists can perform pelvic exams adequately without making women put their feet up in stirrups, a study suggests.

In the US, the norm is for women having a gynecological…

Taking potassium citrate, a base, to neutralize the high acidity of typical Western diets can help increase bone mass in postmenopausal women with thinning bones, according to researchers in Switzerland and San…

HPV; about 100 types of DNA virus; infecting epithelial cells only; gynecologically important types HPV-6, -11, -16 and -18. Incubation period: 1 - 20 months, 2 - 3 months on average.

Epidemiology. Infections by…

Prevention as the most effective strategy to avoid spreading STDs among adolescents can be divided into three components.

Basic prevention is focused on sexual education as the key to ensure that adolescents get…

HSV-1 and -2; DNA viruses; persistently infecting regional ganglion. Incubation period: initial infection 2 - 7 days.

Epidemiology. Infection with HSV is one of the most common viral infections. Based on reports on antibody…

N. gonorrhoeae; fastidious gram-negative diplococcus; infecting mucous membranes. Incubation period: 2 - 7 days.

Epidemiology. Gonorrhea is the second most frequently occurring STD and its incidence, although not comparable with that of chlamydiae, is also…

Because the goal of this section is to deal with the closely defined STDs, as opposed to HIV and hepatitis B, stress is put on the former only. Although new cases of…