Opioid Drug Abuse and Dependence: Introduction
• Substance-Related Disorders • • Opioid Drug Abuse and Dependence • Dec 06 05

It is difficult to imagine modern medical practice without the use of opioid analgesics. These drugs have been part of health care since 300 B.C. Opium and codeine were isolated in…


 

Acute and Chronic Effects of Opioids
• Substance-Related Disorders • • Opioid Drug Abuse and Dependence • Dec 06 05

With the exception of overdose and physical dependence, most opioid effects are rapidly reversible. A major danger, however, comes through the use of contaminated needles by intravenous users, which increases the…


 

Spousal Abuse
• Suicide • Dec 06 05

Abuse between spouses or partners can take several forms: physical, sexual, and emotional. Physical abuse or battering is most often perpetrated by a male on a female partner, but women do batter men and abuse…


 

Suicide Attempts
• Suicide • Dec 06 05

Epidemiology
Suicide is the eighth leading cause of death in the United States. Approximately 75 people commit suicide each day in the United States (25,000 per year). Many more people attempt suicide. The overall…


 

Elder Abuse
• Mental health and Psychiatry articles • Dec 06 05

Approximately 10% of those older than 65 are abused. Victims usually live with their assailants, who are often their children. Mistreatment includes abuse and neglect and takes physical, psychological, financial, and material forms. The abuser…


 

Comforting behavior in girls mistaken for movement disorder
• Psychiatric Disorders • Dec 05 05

The comforting behavior of thumb-sucking wouldn’t land a 1-year-old girl in a neurologist’s office, but the twisting and unusual movements of the comforting act of infantile masturbation can lead…


 

Study of Children with Autism Finds Broken Mirror Neuron System
• Psychiatric Disorders • • Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence • Dec 05 05

New imaging research at UCLA detailed Dec. 4 as an advance online publication of the journal Nature Neuroscience shows children with autism have virtually no activity…


 

Amnestic Disorders
• Psychiatric Disorders • • Cognitive Disorders • Dec 05 05

Amnestic disorders are isolated disturbances of memory without impairment of other cognitive functions. They may be due to a general medical condition or substance related.

Etiology
Amnestic disorders are caused by general medical…


 

Delirium
• Psychiatric Disorders • • Cognitive Disorders • Dec 05 05

Delirium is a reversible state of global cortical dysfunction characterized by alterations in attention and cognition and produced by a definable precipitant.

Delirium is categorized by its etiology (see Table…


 

Dementia
• Psychiatric Disorders • • Cognitive Disorders • Dec 05 05

Dementia is characterized by the presence of memory impairment in the presence of other cognitive defects. Dementia is categorized according to its etiology (see Table 8-1). It can arise as a…


 

Sleep disorders
• Psychiatric Disorders • • Miscellaneous Disorders • Dec 05 05

Sleep disorders are illnesses related to alterations in the sleep-wake cycle (Table 9-7) and often have effects on mood, cognitive, somatic, and general performance. Table…


 

Sexual and Gender Identity disorders
• Psychiatric Disorders • • Miscellaneous Disorders • Dec 05 05

The DSM-IV classifies these disorders into sexual dysfunctions, paraphilia, and gender identity disorders.

Sexual Dysfunctions
Sexual dysfunctions are sexual disorders associated with alterations in the sexual response cycle (

 

Factitious disorders
• Psychiatric Disorders • • Miscellaneous Disorders • Dec 05 05

A factitious disorder is one in which an individual willfully produces signs or symptoms of a medical or psychiatric illness to assume the sick role and its associated gratifications.


 

Adjustment Disorders
• Psychiatric Disorders • • Miscellaneous Disorders • Dec 05 05

According to DSM-IV; adjustment disorders are symptoms (changes in emotional state or behaviors) that arise in response to an identified psychosocial stressor that is out of proportion to what is expected in usual human experience.…


 

Dissociative Disorders
• Psychiatric Disorders • • Miscellaneous Disorders • Dec 05 05

Dissociative disorders are characterized by disturbances in the integration of mental functions. These disturbances are manifested by loss of memory for personal information or identity, division of consciousness and personality into separate parts, and altered…


 

Somatoform Disorders
• Psychiatric Disorders • • Miscellaneous Disorders • Dec 05 05

Somatoform disorders are characterized by the presence of physical signs or symptoms without medical cause. In addition, they are not willfully produced by the individuaL The somatoform disorders are listed and defined in

 

Assessment and Evaluation of Violence
• Psychiatric Disorders • Dec 04 05

Primary care physicians may encounter situations in which family, domestic, or societal violence is discovered or suspected. Such an awareness can carry legal and moral obligations; many state laws mandate reporting of…


 

Anxiety Disorders: Panic Disorder
• Psychiatric Disorders • • Anxiety Disorders • Dec 04 05

Anxiety disorders, the most prevalent psychiatric illnesses in the general community, are present in 15 to 20% of medical clinic patients. Anxiety, defined as a subjective sense of unease, dread, or foreboding, can…


 

Mental Health Problems in the Homeless
• Psychiatric Disorders • Dec 04 05

There is a high prevalence of mental disorders and substance abuse among homeless and impoverished people. The total number of homeless individuals in the United States is estimated at 2 to…


 

Schizophrenia
• Psychiatric Disorders • • Psychotic Disorders • Dec 04 05

Clinical Manifestations
Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by perturbations of language, perception, thinking, social activity, affect, and volition. There are no pathognomonic features. The syndrome commonly begins in late adolescence, has an insidious (and…


 

Bipolar Disorder
• Psychiatric Disorders • • Mood disorders • Dec 04 05

Clinical Manifestations

Bipolar disorder is characterized by unpredictable swings in mood from mania (or hypomania) to depression. Some patients suffer only from recurrent attacks of mania, which in its pure form is associated with increased…


 

Personality Disorders
• Psychiatric Disorders • • Personality Disorders • Dec 04 05

Clinical Manifestations
Personality disorders are characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and interpersonal behavior that are relatively inflexible and cause significant functional impairment or subjective distress for the individual. The observed behaviors are not secondary…


 

Somatoform Disorders
• Psychiatric Disorders • • Miscellaneous Disorders • Dec 04 05

Clinical Manifestations
Patients with multiple somatic complaints that cannot be explained by a known medical condition or by the effects of alcohol or of recreational or prescription drugs are commonly seen in primary care…


 

Depression in Association with Medical Illness
• Psychiatric Disorders • • Mood disorders • Dec 04 05

Mood Disorders
Mood disorders are characterized by a disturbance in the regulation of mood, behavior, and affect. Mood disorders are subdivided into (1) depressive disorders, (2) bipolar disorders, and (3)…


 

Depressive Disorders
• Psychiatric Disorders • • Mood disorders • Dec 04 05

Clinical Manifestations
Major depression is defined as depressed mood on a daily basis for a minimum duration of 2 weeks (Table 371-9). An episode may be characterized by sadness,…


 
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