Divorce elevates risk for depression, but only for some people
Divorce is associated with an increased risk of future depressive episodes but only for those who already have a history of depression, according to a new study published in Clinical Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.
“Stressful life events like divorce are associated with significant risk for prolonged emotional distress, including clinically-significant depression,” notes psychological scientist and lead researcher David Sbarra of the University of Arizona. “At the same time, we know from considerable research that the experience of divorce is non-random. Some people are much greater risk for experiencing a divorce than other people.”
This led Sbarra and colleagues to wonder: Is it divorce, or the factors leading to divorce - such as marital discord, neuroticism, or hostility – that increase the risk for depression?
To investigate this question, the researchers took advantage of data from the longitudinal, nationally representative Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) study. The researchers matched each participant who had separated or divorced during the study to a continuously married person in the study who had the same propensity to divorce, based on a number of previously identified factors. By comparing participants to their match, the researchers were able to account for the fact that it’s impossible to randomly assign people to divorce or stay married.
In line with previous research, the results showed that divorce had a significant effect on subsequent depression.
But, as Sbarra and colleagues found, the full story was a bit more complex.
For all other participants – including those who had a history of depression but hadn’t divorced, and those who divorced but had no history of depression – there was no elevated risk for a future depressive episode. Only about 10% of these people experienced a depressive episode at follow-up.
Divorce is the second most stressful life event, preceded only by the death of a spouse. And what is stress capable of? Expediting a severe bout of depression and anxiety to your limbic system (the brain’s emotional center) if you’re not careful. Acute and chronic stress, especially, undermine both emotional and physical health. In fact, a recent study published in the Journal of Health and Social Behavior suggests that divorced or widowed people have 20 percent more chronic health conditions such as heart disease, diabetes or cancer than married people.
Another study in Psychological Science claimed that a person’s happiness level drops as she approaches divorce, although there is rebounding over time if the person works at it. That’s what these 12 tips are: suggestions for preventing the devastating depression that often accompanies divorce, and techniques that you can use to keep your happiness level steady or maybe even higher!
The magnitude of the difference between the two groups – 60% versus 10% – surprised the researchers.
“These findings are very important because they affirm the basic notion that most people are resilient in the face of divorce and that we do not see severe disorder among people without a history of a past depressive illness,” says Sbarra. “If you’ve never experienced a significant depression in your life and you experience a separation or divorce, your odds for becoming depressed in the future are not that large at all.”
The findings suggest that separation and divorce may exacerbate underlying risk but don’t, in and of themselves, increase rates of depression. It’s possible, the researchers speculate, that people with a history of depression have a limited capacity to cope with the demands of the transition out of marriage, but they caution that the specific mechanisms have yet to be explored.
“Do these people blame themselves for the divorce? Do they ruminate more about the separation? Are they involved in a particularly acrimonious separation? These questions deserve much greater attention,” says Sbarra.
Sbarra and colleagues also note that the research can’t speak to potentially interesting differences between those adults who separate versus those who divorce, since the two categories were combined in the study.
What can someone do to get over divorce depression?
“There is no easy way to get over a depression. When there is a divorce, something has been lost. It always helps to have someone who can be your ally, without an agenda other than being on your side. A competent therapist can help tremendously in bearing the pain, regardless of whether it is “expected” disturbance due to the loss, or begins to start to look like a mental illness. If you find yourself unable to function normally, thinking of harming yourself, find your typical levels of enjoyment or motivation are absent, and/or it seems not to improve as time passes, it is important to consult with a professional.”
“There are many helpful things in addition to therapy, however. First, try to remember that your life has changed. This means that it is important to eventually let go of the way things used to be. This may mean doing things that represent change: clean out closets, make new plans, nurture old and new friendships, find new hobbies, and so on. In dealing with the emotional pain, try to afford yourself the space to feel whatever it is you need to feel, but also make sure you do not obsess on those feelings. As you can experience authentic feelings to what you are going through, remember that they are expected and temporary emotional states that can be let go of when you are done with them.”
“Reading self-help books can help organize your thoughts and develop a better story of journey towards healing. I suggest reading a good book several times rather than trying to read everything you can get your hands on. It takes a while for what you are reading to meet up with the reality of your experience.”
Nonetheless, the researchers believe the new findings have significant clinical implications:
“It is very important for clinicians to know that a person’s history of depression is directly related to whether or not they will experience a depressive episode following the end of marriage,” says Sbarra. “People with a history of depression who become divorced deserve special attention for support and counseling services.”
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Co-authors include Robert E. Emery, Christopher R. Beam, and Bailey L. Ocker of the University of Virginia.
D. A. Sbarra was supported in part by grants from the National Science Foundation (BCS 0919525), the National Institute on Aging (036895), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (069498). C. R. Beam was supported by the National Institute on Aging (Award T32AG020500).
Clinical Psychological Science is APS’s newest journal. For a copy of the article “Marital Dissolution and Major Depression in Midlife: A Propensity Score Analysis” and access to other Clinical Psychological Science research findings, please contact Anna Mikulak at 202-293-9300 or .(JavaScript must be enabled to view this email address).
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Anna Mikulak
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202-293-9300
Association for Psychological Science