An 18-month pilot program that brought resources and counselors to elderly Baltimore residents with dementia and other memory disorders significantly increased the length of time they lived successfully at home, according to Johns Hopkins researchers. Staying at home was a clear preference for most of those who participated in the study.

“The project demonstrated that we were able to help such people age in place without sacrificing their quality of life,” says study leader Quincy Miles Samus, Ph.D., an assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

The trial, known as Maximizing Independence (MIND) at Home, involved 303 people 70 years and older with memory disorders, primarily dementia and mild cognitive impairment. One hundred and ten of them received an in-home visit from a memory care coordinator and nurse that assessed a range of care needs including diagnosis of memory problems, review of medications, behavior problems, daily activities, and untreated medical problems such as hearing or vision problems, and high blood pressure or diabetes. The care team then developed a personalized care plan and worked with the family over time to oversee progress and attend to new needs that arose.

The goal was to see if a dementia care coordination model that incorporated evidence-supported care practices could delay or prevent the need to move from home to other settings like nursing homes or assisted living facilities.

In a report published online last week in The American Journal of Geriatric Psychology, the Johns Hopkins investigators say that those who got 18 months of care coordination with home visits were able to safely stay in their homes a median of 288 extra days, or around 9.5 months over a median follow-up period of about 2 years. “This can make a huge difference in terms of comfort, money and quality of life for those involved,” says Samus.

The researchers found that participants who met regularly with coordinators were significantly less likely to leave their homes or die than those in the control group (30 percent versus 45.6 percent). Also, they had fewer unmet care needs, particularly for safety and legal/advance care issues, and had improved quality of life. People with dementia, a growing segment of the population, not only suffer from memory impairment but also have difficulty with daily living tasks and with the ability to safely care for themselves or manage other health issues. Because insurance does not always cover non-medical needs and coordinator services, Samus says her team’s research was designed to begin answering the question of whether care models like MIND can demonstrate the financial savings and value of community-based care in hopes that more health insurers might cover the cost programs like this in the future. In the trial, coordinators checked for home safety, nutrition and food availability and whether patients participated in meaningful or purposeful activities beyond simply watching television for much of the day. They also assessed whether patients should be evaluated for driving safety, whether they were at risk of wandering off and getting lost, and what local community resources were available to address unmet needs.

Beyond such services, the program provided education about dementia and memory problems to caregivers and patients, as well as informal counseling and problem-solving. Legal issues such as advance directives and wills were also discussed, and coordinators contacted family members at least once a month. Home and personal safety issues affected 90 percent of the participants at the start of the trial, the researchers report. Some 65 percent needed general medical care, 52 percent showed a lack of meaningful activities and 48 percent needed legal/advance care planning.

The memory care coordinators were community workers and did not have clinical backgrounds or prior training in caring for people with memory disorders, suggesting that the potential workforce that could acquire coordinator skills is large, Samus says. Coordinators received intensive training over 4 weeks, including lectures, role play, and observation of dementia patients in clinical settings.

The care coordinators received hands-on support from a nurse and a physician and the team met weekly to discuss cases.

The results suggest wider application of the home care model should be evaluated in the future as well as whether it can provide a cost-benefit to public insurers like Medicaid and Medicare, says Samus.

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The study was funded by grants from THE ASSOCIATED: Jewish Community Federation of Baltimore, LeRoy Hoffberger, The Harry and Jeannette Weinberg Foundation, The Hoffberger Foundation, The Hoffberger Family Fund, the Leonard and Helen R. Stulman Charitable Foundation, the David and Barbara B. Hirschhorn Foundation, the Lois and Irving Blum Foundation, Leonor and Marc Blum, the Joseph and Harvey Meyerhoff Family Charitable Funds, The Henry and Ruth Blaustein Rosenberg Foundation, the Baltimore County Department of Aging, Lois Blum Feinblatt, the National Institute of Mental Health and the National Institute on Aging.

Constantine G. Lyketsos, M.D., M.H.S., director of the Department of Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center and the Elizabeth Plank Althouse Professor for Alzheimer’s Research, is the study’s senior investigator. Deirdre Johnston, M.R.C.Psych, assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, was the intervention team leader.

Other Johns Hopkins researchers involved in the research include B.S. Black, Ph.D.; E. Hess, M.S.; C. Lyman, B.A.; A. Vavilikolanu, B.S.; J. Pollutra, R.N.; J.M. Leoutsakos, Ph.D.; L.N. Gitlin, Ph.D.; and P.V. Rabins, M.D., M.P.H.

Johns Hopkins Medicine (JHM), headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland, is a $6.7 billion integrated global health enterprise and one of the leading health care systems in the United States. JHM unites physicians and scientists of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine with the organizations, health professionals and facilities of The Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System. JHM’s vision, “Together, we will deliver the promise of medicine,” is supported by its mission to improve the health of the community and the world by setting the standard of excellence in medical education, research and clinical care. Diverse and inclusive, JHM educates medical students, scientists, health care professionals and the public; conducts biomedical research; and provides patient-centered medicine to prevent, diagnose and treat human illness. JHM operates six academic and community hospitals, four suburban health care and surgery centers, and more than 30 primary health care outpatient sites. The Johns Hopkins Hospital, opened in 1889, was ranked number one in the nation for 21 years in a row by U.S. News & World Report.

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Lauren Nelson
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Stephanie Desmon
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