Thoracic outlet syndrome can be subdivided into neurogenic, venous, and arterial types depending on which structures are compressed in the interscalene triangle or costoclavicular space.

Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome is the most common…

Introduction

Essentials of Diagnosis

• Burning or aching pain of greater severity and longer duration than expected following trauma to an extremity.
• Manifestations of…

Erythromelalgia is a paroxysmal bilateral vasodilatory disorder of unknown cause. Idiopathic (primary) erythromelalgia occurs in otherwise healthy persons and affects men and women equally. A secondary type is occasionally seen in patients with polycythemia vera, hypertension,…

Acrocyanosis is an uncommon vasospastic disorder characterized by persistent cyanosis of the hands and feet and, to a lesser degree, the forearms and legs. It is associated with arteriolar vasoconstriction combined with dilation of the subcapillary…

Livedo reticularis is a vasospastic disorder of unknown cause that results in a painless, mottled discoloration on large areas of the extremities, generally in a fishnet pattern with reticulated cyanotic areas surrounding a paler central…

Introduction

Essentials of Diagnosis

• Episodic bilateral digital pallor, cyanosis, and rubor.
• Precipitated by cold or emotional stress; relieved by warmth.
• Seventy to 80 percent of patients are…